Discussion 2: How Do You Cope?

While on vacation at the beach, you might see the swelling waves as an excellent opportunity to test out your new surfing skills. However, your traveling mate might take those same aggressive waves as a cue to head for shore. Not everyone interprets a given stressor in the same way; nor will their responses always mirror each other when encountering the same stressor. There is plenty to learn about stress and coping from analyzing the way individuals manage stress. In fact, there are a number of assessments psychologists use to determine individuals’ coping styles, how they cope, and the frequency of their coping behaviors.

While theorists place a great deal of emphasis on the types of coping, coping traits should not be viewed as exclusively adaptive or maladaptive. Not all coping traits fit into problem-solving or emotion-focused coping as Lazarus and Folkman discuss. Generally, positive/functional coping mechanisms (e.g., planning) are linked to good self-esteem, higher functioning, and lower perceived stress. While less positive strategies (e.g., denial, self-blame) are associated with more distress and lower esteem.

How you manage stress in your life can modify the stress response and subsequent health consequences. Recall the Primary Appraisal and Coping chart from last week. Imagine your disruptive and argumentative mother-in-law has announced that she is coming for a two-week visit. Once you appraise the stress potential of this situation, how would you respond to the scenario:

1. You could solve the problem by calling her and asking her not to come.
2. You can change how you feel about her coming by deciding to focus on the positive aspects of her visit.
3. You could manage this stress by changing the physical response to it with the use of relaxation techniques.
4. You plan a business trip for the same two-week time frame your mother-in-law plans to visit.

These approaches to managing a stressor are termed problem-focused, emotion-focused, biology-focused, and avoidance approaches. While the mother-in-law example tends to fit the concept of stress globally, it in no way implies that a visit from your mother-in-law would be stressful.

For the Discussion, review this week’s Learning Resources including “The Focus of Coping” handout and “The Assessment of Coping”handout. Take the COPE assessment. After completing the COPE assessment, consider the different ways in which you cope with stress.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 4 a description of two coping mechanisms you have used (problem-focused, emotion-focused, or biology-focused) to reduce stress. Then explain whether these coping mechanisms were effective in reducing the level of stress you experienced. Why or why not? Finally, propose two other coping mechanisms you might employ that also may be effective in reducing stress levels and explain why. Be specific.

Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Resources.

References you can use:

Readings

• Course Text: Carver, C. S. (2011). Coping. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 221–229). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
• Course Text: Dallman, M. F., & Hellhammer, D. (2011). Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, and energy: The role of brain networks. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 11–36). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  
• Course Text: Finan, P. H., Zautra, A. J., & Wershba, R. (2011). The dynamics of emotion in adaptation to stress. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 209–220). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
• Course Text: Smith, C. A., & Kirby, L. D. (2011). The role of appraisal and emotion in coping and adaptation. In R. J. Contrada & A. Baum (Eds.), The handbook of stress science: Biology, psychology, and health (pp. 195–208). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
• Article: Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library using the PsycARTICLES database.
• Article: Lilly, M. M., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2010). Intimate partner violence and PTSD: The moderating role of emotion-focused coping. Violence and Victims, 25(5), 604–616.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library using the MEDLINE with Full Text database.

• Article: Schwabe, L., Dickinson, A., & Wolf, O. T. (2011). Stress, habits, and drug addiction: A psychoneuroendocrinological perspective. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19(1), 53–63.
  Retrieved from the Walden Library using the PsycARTICLES database.

• Article: Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R. J. (2013). Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout and teaching efficacy. Mind, Brain and Education : The Official Journal of the International Mind, Brain, and Education Society, 7(3). Retrieved from. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3855679/
• Article: University of Miami, Department of Psychology. (2007). Cope. Retrieved fromhttp://www.psy.miami.edu/faculty/ccarver/sclCOPEF.html
• Assessment: Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Cope questionnaire. Retrieved from http://www.psy.cmu.edu/faculty/scheier/scales/COPE_scale.pdf
  COPE Questionnaire by Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F. & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). In Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56. Copyright 1989 by American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission of American Psychological Association via the Copyright Clearance Center.

• Handout: Laureate Education, Inc. (2012). The assessment of coping. Unpublished document.

• Handout: Laureate Education, Inc. (2012). The focus of coping. Unpublished document.

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