Ethics of Sham Surgery in Parkinson’s’ Disease Patients.

I.    Introduction
a.    The controversy (or ethics) of using ‘sham surgery’ in Parkinson’s disease patients.
i.    Define sham surgery, Parkinson’s disease (PD), placebo, neurosurgery, fetal cell transplantation, burr holes…
b.    Is it ethical or unethical to use ‘sham surgery’ in Parkinson’s disease patients?
c.    Thesis
II.    Explanation of Position One (The first philosopher/opinion)
a.    For Sham Surgery in PD patients
III.    Explanation of Position Two (The second philosopher/opinion)
a.    Against Sham Surgery in PD patients
IV.    Compare & Contrast the two positions
a.    Difference between philosopher 1 & 2
b.    Similarities between philosopher 1& 2
V.    My position
a.    Defend position for sham surgery in PD patients
VI.    Criticize the position I chose (from the perspective of other position)
a.    No sham surgery in PD patients
VII.    Re-defend original position
a.    Defend position for sham surgery in PDpatients
VIII.    Conclusion

References
Albin, R. L. (2002). Sham surgery controls: intracerebral grafting of fetal tissue for Parkinson’s disease and proposed criteria for use of sham surgery controls. Journal of Medical Ethics, 28(5), 322-

325.
Clark, P. (2002). Placebo surgery for Parkinson’s disease: Do the benefits outweigh the risks. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 30(1), 58-68.
Dekkers, W., & Boer, G. (2001). Sham neurosurgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease: is it morally acceptable?. Journal of Medical Ethics, 27(3), 151-156.
Fletcher, J. (2003). Sham neurosurgery in Parkinson’s disease: Ethical at the time. The American Journal of Bioethics, 3(4), 54-56.
Hildt, E. (2009). Ethical challenges in cell-based interventions for neurological conditions: Some lessons to be learnt from clinical transplantation trials in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The

American Journal of Bioethics, 9(5), 37-38.
Lewis, S., Caldwell, M., & Barker, R. (2003). Modern therapeutic approaches in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 5(10), 1-20.
Swift, T., & Huxtable, R. (2011). The ethics of sham surgery in Parkinson’s disease: Back to the future?. Bioethics, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01931.x

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